No. In the United States, a declaration that a marriage was invalid from the start has no effect before the laws of any state. It does not affect anything that is determined by civil law such as alimony, child custody, visitation rights, division of property, legitimacy of the children, etc. It pertains only to the internal governance of the Catholic Church.

If begun on the parish level, the priest, deacon, or pastoral associate will submit it to the tribunal.  If the process is begun at the Tribunal Office, the case is put into the process.